Where can choline be found?
Although foods rich in choline—liver, egg yolks, and red meat—tend to be higher in saturated fat, choline can also be found in foods lower in saturated fat including salmon, cod, tilapia, chicken breast, and legumes.
What are examples of choline esters?
The direct-acting cholinergic agonists work by directly binding to and activating the muscarinic receptors. Examples of direct-acting cholinergic agents include choline esters (acetylcholine, methacholine, carbachol, bethanechol) and alkaloids (muscarine, pilocarpine, cevimeline).
What is the main source of choline?
Many foods contain choline [4]. The main dietary sources of choline in the United States consist primarily of animal-based products that are particularly rich in choline—meat, poultry, fish, dairy products, and eggs [4,5,8-10].
What drugs are choline esters?
Choline Esters
| Drug | Target | Type |
|---|---|---|
| Carbamoylcholine | Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-2 | target |
| Carbamoylcholine | Cytosolic phospholipase A2 | enzyme |
| Carbamoylcholine | Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3 | target |
| Carbamoylcholine | Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4 | target |
What is the best form of choline?
Rich food sources of choline include beef liver, eggs, fish, nuts, cauliflower and broccoli. Choline can also be taken as a supplement, of which CDP-choline and alpha-GPC seem to be the best types.
What is muscarinic action?
Muscarinic agonist mimics the action of acetylcholine on muscarinic receptors and causes cardiac slowing, contraction of smooth muscles (intestinal tract, bronchioles, detrusor muscle, urethra, and iris muscle), and increase secretion from exocrine glandular tissues (salivary, gastric acid, and airway mucosal gland).
Is Ibuprofen a cholinergic agent?
They both contain a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), ibuprofen (IBU) and pyridostigmine (PO), a cholinesterase inhibitor that acts as a cholinergic up-regulator (CURE).
What foods have the highest DV of choline?
(3) The daily value (%DV) for choline is 550mg per day. (4) Below is a list of common foods high in choline. For more see the extended list of choline rich foods, and the complete ranking of 200 foods high in choline.
Which is choline esters act at all sites?
Choline esters (bethanechol, carbachol), which act at all sites, like acetylcholine, but are resistant to degradation by acetylcholinesterases (AChE; see Fig. 22.1 ). Muscarinic effects are much more prominent than nicotinic (see p. 373 ).
What foods contain choline, choline esters and betaine?
Many foods consumed by humans contain choline, choline esters, and betaine in various amounts. In current infant formulas choline and betaine are added during preparation. The ratio between the total choline content and betaine varies greatly in different foods, according to their animal or plant origin (Figure 3 ).
Which is responsible for 80% of cholinesterase activity?
In the normal brain, acetylcholinesterase accounts for 80% of the total cholinesterase activity, whereas pseudocholinesterase accounts for the remaining 20% Giacobini (1964). M.D. Niculescu, in Encyclopedia of Human Nutrition (Third Edition), 2013 Many foods consumed by humans contain choline, choline esters, and betaine in various amounts.