What is meant by parasitoid?
parasitoid, an insect whose larvae feed and develop within or on the bodies of other arthropods. Most parasitoids are wasps, but some flies and a small number of beetles, moths, lacewings, and even one caddisfly species have evolved to be parasitoids.
What is an example of a hyperparasite?
hyperparasite A parasite that lives in or on another parasite. The most common examples are insects that lay their eggs inside or near parasitoid larvae, which are themselves parasitizing the tissues of a host, again usually an insect larva.
What is Hyperparasitism in biology?
Hyperparasitism—the parasitic habit of one species upon another parasitic species—has also attracted attention. Polyembryony, the development of many individuals (as many as 1,000) from a single egg, is an unusual phenomenon occurring in some members of the families Chalcididae and Proctotrupidae.
What is Superparasitism and example?
One example of superparasitism is seen in Rhagoletis juglandis, also known as the walnut husk fly. The female flies oviposit and reinfest the same walnuts and even the same oviposition sites created by conspecifics.
What is Idiobiont Ectoparasitoid?
Endoparasitoids live within their host’s body, while ectoparasitoids feed on the host from outside. Idiobiont parasitoids prevent further development of the host after initially immobilizing it, whereas koinobiont parasitoids allow the host to continue its development while feeding upon it.
What is plant Hyperparasitism?
Hyperparasitism is the process that one fungus parasitizes another, is relatively common in nature. Powdery mildew fungi infecting more than 170 plants were hyperparasitized by Ampelomyces spp. (Puzanova, 1991) and could be used for biological control of powdery mildew under field and glasshouse conditions.
What is the difference between parasite and parasitoid?
A parasite is an organism that lives in or on another species (its host) and benefits by deriving nutrients at the other’s expense, resulting in the death of the host. A parasitoid is an insect whose larvae live as parasites that eventually kill their hosts (typically other insects).
What is Hyperparasitism in plant pathology?
Hyperparasitism is the process that one fungus parasitizes another, is relatively common in nature.
Can Hyperparasites get parasites?
It’s a stunning example of a hyperparasite—a parasite whose host is also a parasite. And sometimes, hyperparasites can be parasitized by other hyperparasites, creating hierarchies of bodysnatching that can grow to four tiers.
Can a parasite be the same species?
Kleptoparasitism may be intraspecific (the parasite is the same species as the victim) or interspecific (the parasite is a different species). In the latter case, the parasites are commonly close relatives of the organisms they parasitize (“Emery’s Rule”).
What is multiple parasitism?
Multiparasitism, also known as polyparasitism, can be defined as the concurrent infestation of a single host individual with two or more parasite species.
What is hyperparasitoid parasitoid?
Hyperparasitoids are secondary parasitoid of a primary parasitoid and constitute a fourth trophic level (Fiske, 1910). Daniel J. Sullivan, in Encyclopedia of Insects (Second Edition), 2009
What is hyperparasitism in biology?
Hyperparasitism is a highly evolved behavior in the Hymenoptera and in a few species of Diptera and Coleoptera, in which an adult hyperparasitoid (or secondary parasitoid) oviposits on or in a primary parasitoid host that has attacked another (usually herbivorous) insect species.
What is a hyperparasitic microsporidian?
A hyperparasitic microsporidian, Nosema podocotyloidis, a parasite of a digenean, Podocotyloides magnatestis, itself a parasite of the fish Parapristipoma octolineatum. A hyperparasite is a parasite whose host, often an insect, is also a parasite, often specifically a parasitoid.
Do hyperparasitoids attack eggs?
Hyperparasitoids rarely attack the egg and adult stages of primary parasitoids. Also interesting is that some families of Hymenoptera that are well known for their species of primary parasitoids (Braconidae, Trichogrammatidae, Aphidiidae, Mymaridae, and almost the entire superfamily Proctotrupoidea) do not seem to have evolved any hyperparasitoids.